分詞構句

由三種句子轉變來的,目的是要讓句子更為簡潔/好看,寫作時常見.
1.關係子句 (關代為主格) : Once there lived a man who was named Jack. = Once there lived a man named Jack.
2.從屬子句 (與"時間","原因"有關的連接詞): When you finished eating, you found you didn't bring any cash. = When finishing eating you found you didn't bring any cash.
3.對等連接詞 and  (用於兩個連續動作,或是第二動作為第一動作的結果): She unpinned her hair back, and rushed out of the door. = She unpinned her hair back, rushing out of  the door.

規則:
1.關係子句: (1)刪去關係代名詞 (2)動詞改Ving或p.p.(完成式一律用Having p.p.)
2.從屬子句: (1)連接詞視情況保留(不可省略者如unless(除非), once(一旦), as(如同), even if/though(即使), as if(彷彿/好像), until(直到) (2)主詞若為同一人,則刪去 (3)動詞改Ving或p.p.(完成式一律用Having p.p.)
3.對等連接詞and: (1)and 省略 (2)動詞改Ving或p.p.

主動 Ving, S+V.
Seeing the policeman, he ran away.
= When he saw the policeman, he ran away.

被動 (Being) + p.p., S+V. (Being主動省略)
Located in Chiayi City, National Chiayi University is easy to reach.
= Because National Chiayi University is located in Chiayi City, National Chiayi University is easy to reach.

連接詞
表時間 when, while, before, after, as soon as...
[例] After attracted by Helen's smile, John talked to her. (after亦可省略)
=After John was attracted by Helen's smile, John talked to her.

表原因as, because...
[例] Written in simple English, the book is suitable for beginners.
= Because the book is written in simple English, the book is suitable for beginners.

表條件if, unless....
[例] Turning to the left, you will find the school.  (主動)
= If you turn to the left, you will find the school.

表讓步though, although...
[例] Known where I live, he never comes to see me.
= Though he knows where I live, he never comes to see me.

表連續或附帶狀況and, but...
[例] I stood there, waiting for her. (主動)
= I stood there, and waited for her.

Carrying our shose in our hands, we passed the stream. (主動)
Driven by hungry, he stole a  cake. (被動)

分詞構句的"否定"用法
Not + 分詞, S+V
[例] Not knowing what to do, she began to cry.
=As she did not know what to do, she began to cry.
[例] Not (being) invited, he feels isolated.
= As he is not invited, he feels isolated.

分詞構句的"完成式"用法
主動 Having + p.p., S+V.
Having finished my assignment, I went home.
= After I had finished my assignment, I went home.

被動 (Having been) + p.p., S+V
(Having been) written in haste, the book has some faults.

Ref: NCYULgCMemoFromSylviaYang